Solar Panels On Campers: What You Need To Know

Solar panels are a great way to power your camper off-grid and free yourself from noisy generators. You can either call in professional help or opt for a DIY installation. The process is fairly straightforward: you need to mount the solar panels, run the wiring, connect the charge controller, and install an inverter (optional).

There are two types of solar panels: flexible thin-film panels and rigid polycrystalline or monocrystalline panels. The former is typically attached to the roof with an adhesive, while the latter uses mounting brackets that require drilling. When installing the panels, make sure they are not overshadowed and are facing south at an angle between 30 and 45 degrees in the USA to maximise energy production.

The charge controller is a critical component that regulates the voltage and current from the panels to your batteries, preventing overcharging. It should be placed near the batteries and visible for easy monitoring.

Finally, if you want to power AC appliances, you'll need an inverter to convert the solar panels' DC power to AC. Place it near the batteries, away from heat and corrosive elements.

So, yes, you can put solar panels on your camper, but make sure you do your research and follow safety instructions to ensure a successful installation.

Solar panel installation methods

There are two main ways to install solar panels on your camper: hiring a professional or doing it yourself. If you opt for the latter, there are several methods you can use, depending on your preferences, the type of panels you've chosen, and the shape and material of your camper's roof.

Screws or Adhesives

Solar panels are typically attached to the roof using screws or adhesives. Flexible thin-film panels are usually affixed with adhesive, while rigid polycrystalline or monocrystalline panels are placed on mounting brackets that require drilling. When using adhesives, ensure the surface is clean by cleaning it with acetone or a similar substance. If you're using screws, be careful not to shoot a stray screw into the panel, as this can be a costly mistake. Additionally, apply a sealant under each bracket to create a watertight seal, choosing one that is compatible with your roof material.

Mounting Brackets or Frames

There are various options for mounting brackets or frames, ranging from cheaper, basic sets of four brackets to more expensive tiltable mounting brackets or frames that allow you to adjust the angle of your panels. You can also opt for Z-brackets, which are suitable for any panels with an aluminium frame. These don't require drilling and allow for easy installation, but they don't allow angle adjustments.

3M VHB Tape

Another method to consider is using 3M VHB tape, which avoids the need for drilling holes in your roof. However, this method relies solely on the paint to hold the panels, so it's crucial to ensure the paint is in good condition and not chipped or rusted. Additionally, regularly check the panel installation to ensure it remains secure.

Solar panel placement

• It is recommended to place solar panels on the roof of your camper van. This allows for direct exposure to sunlight, maximizing energy absorption.
• When installing panels, consider the curvature and features of your van's roof. For example, if your van has raised channels on the roof, adding a cushioning material like plastic sheets underneath the panels can improve heat dissipation and panel performance.
• To secure the panels, consider using a strong double-sided adhesive tape, such as 3M VHB tape. This method avoids the need for drilling holes and can provide a sturdy hold, even at high speeds. However, this method is more suitable for newer vans with intact paint jobs.
• If you prefer a more permanent installation, you can attach metal brackets to the panels and bolt them directly to the roof. Just make sure to use sealant around the bolts to create a waterproof seal.
• When placing the panels, try to align them with the raised sections of the roof to ensure a stable installation.
• Consider the direction and angle of the panels. Solar panels perform best when angled directly towards the sun. The optimal tilt angle depends on your latitude and the season. Adjustable mounts can help improve panel efficiency by allowing you to reposition them to follow the sun.
• Take into account any future equipment installations, such as antennas, and plan your panel placement accordingly to reserve space.
• Regular cleaning and maintenance of the solar panels are important. Keep them free from dirt, bird droppings, and debris to maintain maximum output.
• Proper cable management is essential. Use waterproof tape or plastic sheathing to protect the cables, and secure them neatly to the roof to prevent damage and ensure safety.

Solar charge controllers

There are two main types of solar charge controllers: Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) controllers and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers. PWM controllers are more basic and are a good entry-level option, offering greater control of the current flowing from your solar panels and better 'trickle charging' of your batteries at an economical price. MPPT controllers are more expensive but provide a wider range of benefits. They are up to 30% more efficient than PWM and provide more control and expandability options.

When choosing a solar charge controller, it's important to consider the power rating, which is usually measured in amps. The controller's power rating should be higher than the total current of your solar panels to ensure it can handle the electrical current without failing. Additionally, look for a charge controller that has been UL-certified or has undergone independent standards testing to avoid electrical 'noise' that can interfere with electronics like stereos and televisions.

• Renogy 30A 12V/24V PWM Solar Charge Controller: This controller is compatible with various battery types and features an LCD display for easy monitoring.
• ECO-WORTHY 200 Watts 12 Volt/24 Volt Solar Panel Kit: This kit includes a 30A PWM charge controller and is suitable for various off-grid applications, including RVs and campers.
• SOLPERK 10A Solar Charge Controller: This controller is waterproof and offers intelligent regulation for different battery types, making it suitable for RVs, boats, and cars.
• Renogy Wanderer Li 30A 12V PWM Solar Charge Controller: This controller is designed for lithium, sealed, gel, and flooded batteries, and includes a temperature sensor function.
• [Upgraded] 30A Solar Charge Controller: This controller has an adjustable LCD display, dual USB ports, and timer settings, making it a versatile option.
• SOLPERK 8A 12V Solar Charge Controller: Featuring a waterproof design and an LED display, this controller is suitable for various battery types and applications, including RVs, boats, and cars.

Solar panel wiring

Step 1: Gather the Necessary Materials

Before beginning the installation, ensure you have all the required materials, including solar panels, a charge controller, a wiring harness, batteries, an inverter, fuses, connectors, adapters, and mounting brackets. You may also need additional tools like a power drill, screwdriver, wire cutters, and crimping tools.

Step 2: Mount the Solar Panels

Decide on the placement of the solar panels, considering factors such as available space and curvature of the roof. Clean the surface and attach the panels using the provided brackets and screws or an alternative method like 3M VHB tape. Ensure that the panels are secure and can withstand wind and vibrations during travel.

Step 3: Run the Wiring

Drill a hole in the roof of the camper to feed the wiring from the solar panels into the interior. Use a solar entry gland to cover the hole and seal it with 3M VHB tape and Dicor lap sealant to prevent water penetration. Route the wires to the location of the charge controller and other electrical components.

Step 4: Connect the Charge Controller

Mount the charge controller inside the camper, preferably close to the batteries. Connect the wiring from the solar panels to the charge controller, ensuring correct polarity. Install a fuse or circuit breaker on the wires for added safety.

Step 5: Connect the Batteries

Place the batteries securely, ensuring they are well-ventilated. Connect the positive and negative terminals of the batteries together using thick wiring, creating a parallel connection. Size the wiring based on the maximum current flow of your system.

Step 6: Install Fuses and Bus Bars

Properly fuse your battery bank to prevent electrical hazards. Use appropriate fuses, such as MRBF or Class T fuses, mounted directly to the positive terminals of each battery. Connect the fused batteries to positive and negative bus bars, which serve as common connection points for your wiring.

Step 7: Wire the Inverter

Connect the inverter to the bus bars using thick battery cable. Ensure there is an inline fuse on the positive cable, sized based on the continuous wattage of the inverter. Wire the inverter's ground post to a solid point on the vehicle's chassis or another close ground connection.

Step 8: Connect Additional Components

If desired, add a shore power connection by installing an inverter/charger or a separate battery charger. Wire your DC fuse block and connect your 12V loads, such as lighting, fans, and refrigerator. You can also wire AC outlets by connecting them to an AC breaker box or a combined DC/AC distribution panel.

Step 9: Final Checks and Testing

Before turning on the system, double-check all connections, ensuring correct polarity and proper fusing. Cover the solar panels with a blanket or disconnect them from the charge controller to prevent sparks during the initial testing. Once everything is connected, carefully turn on the system and monitor the performance, checking for any signs of overheating or malfunction.

Solar panel maintenance

Solar panels are a great way to keep your camper powered up and ready to go. But, they do need a little maintenance to keep them in tip-top condition. Here are some tips to keep your solar panels in good shape:

Regular Cleaning

It is important to keep your solar panels clean. Dirt, dust, leaves, and bird droppings can all build up and block the sunlight, reducing the efficiency of your panels. A regular clean will ensure your panels are always working at their best. Use a soft brush or cloth and a gentle cleaner to avoid scratching the panels.

Check for Damage

Inspect your solar panels for any signs of damage, especially after severe weather. Look for cracks, loose connections, or broken parts. If you find any issues, get them repaired as soon as possible. Small problems can become big problems if left unattended.

Keep Them Covered

When your camper is in storage, or if you know there will be severe weather, it is a good idea to cover your solar panels. This will protect them from damage and ensure they are ready to go when you need them. You can buy specially designed solar panel covers, or use a tarp or TPE/PVC material.

Monitor Performance

Keep an eye on how your solar panels are performing. Modern solar panel systems often have apps or monitors that allow you to check their performance. If you notice a drop in performance, it could be a sign that your panels need cleaning or repair.

Store Them Properly

If you remove your solar panels for any reason, store them properly. Keep them flat, and avoid bending or twisting. Store them in a cool, dry place, and avoid stacking anything on top of them.

Keep the Charge Controller Maintained

The charge controller is an important part of your solar panel system. It regulates the amount of charge going to your batteries and protects them from overcharging. Keep it clean and dry, and ensure all connections are secure.

Battery Maintenance

Deep-cycle batteries used with solar panels require regular maintenance. Keep them charged, and top up the distilled water levels if needed. Ensure the battery terminals are clean and free from corrosion.

Stay Informed

Finally, stay informed about your solar panel system. Understand how it works, and how to troubleshoot any issues. Read the manual, and keep it handy for future reference. Stay up to date with any new developments or best practices for solar panel maintenance.

Frequently asked questions