
Plumbing an RV or camper van is a little more complicated than plumbing a house, but it's not too difficult. The main difference is that an RV or camper van has two water sources: a freshwater tank and a city water inlet. The freshwater tank is used when there is no spigot available, while the city water inlet is connected to a potable water spigot at a campsite. The waste water is stored in separate tanks underneath the RV or van, and these need to be emptied at a sewer dump station.
RV and camper van plumbing systems are generally made from PVC or PEX tubing, rather than metal. The water is pressurised by a 12-volt DC water pump, which pulls water from the tank or inlet and sends it to the various water outlets. An air accumulator tank can be added to maintain a certain amount of pressure and reduce how often the pump cycles on.
There are a few things to keep in mind when dealing with RV or camper van plumbing. Firstly, always turn off the water supply when leaving your vehicle. Secondly, use a pressure regulator on incoming water lines to prevent damage from high-pressure city water. And thirdly, never put water into your freshwater tank from a hose near a dump site.
Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Water source | City water inlet or special holding tank |
Waste water storage | Separate holding tanks underneath the RV floor |
RV plumbing fixtures | Sink, shower, toilet, city water inlet |
Parts and tools | PVC or PEX tubing, crimp fittings, crimp tool, Shark Bite fittings, pipe fix tape, flexible pipe snake, tank backspray tool |
Common issues | Leaking water line, loose fittings, clogged drain line, clogged waste water tanks |
What You'll Learn
Choosing the right pipes
- Material Compatibility: PVC and PEX are the most popular choices for RV plumbing. PVC is generally less expensive and widely available, but it is more rigid and prone to cracking in cold temperatures. PEX is more flexible, resistant to freezing, and has better longevity. It is also easier to work with, as it requires fewer fittings and can be bent around obstacles.
- Size and Fittings: Ensure you select the appropriate pipe size for your system. RV plumbing typically uses pipes with diameters ranging from 1/2 inch to 1 inch. Consider the flow rate requirements of your fixtures and choose a size that can deliver adequate water pressure. Standardize the size of pipes and fittings to ensure compatibility and make maintenance easier.
- Ease of Installation: PEX tubing is often favoured for its ease of installation. It can be cut to length and joined using crimp or clamp fittings, or SharkBite fittings for a more secure connection. PEX is also less prone to leaks and can be installed without specialized tools, making it a good choice for DIY installations.
- Temperature Resistance: Consider the temperature range your pipes will be exposed to. PEX is suitable for both hot and cold water lines and can withstand higher temperatures. PVC, on the other hand, may soften or deform at high temperatures, so it is typically used for cold water applications only.
- Local Regulations: Check local plumbing codes and regulations to ensure compliance. Some regions may have specific requirements for the types of pipes and fittings that can be used in RV plumbing.
- Cost and Availability: Finally, consider the cost and availability of the pipes. PEX tubing is generally more expensive than PVC, but it offers better long-term durability and performance. Weigh the initial cost against the potential maintenance and replacement expenses down the line.
Remember to follow manufacturer instructions and best practices when installing your pipes to ensure a reliable and leak-free system. It is also a good idea to carry extra pipes, fittings, and tools for repairs and maintenance while on the road.
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Selecting the right water tanks
Water Usage
The amount of water you'll need depends on the number of people travelling and the length of your trips. Consider how much water you'll use for drinking, cooking, washing up, showering, and other activities. As a general guideline, allocate around 1-2 gallons of water per person per day for drinking and cooking, and factor in additional water for hygiene purposes.
Available Space
Space in a campervan is limited, so it's important to make the most of every millimetre. Look for dead spaces, such as over the wheel arches, where you can fit a wraparound wheel arch tank. Consider a bespoke-shaped tank to maximise space, or opt for a raised internal floor to accommodate the water tank and gain extra storage space.
Weight
Water is heavy, with 1 litre weighing 1 kilogram. Keep in mind that a full water tank will add significant weight to your campervan, affecting fuel consumption and handling. Plan your trips accordingly, and only fill your tank as needed.
Accessibility
Choose a water tank that is easily accessible for maintenance, cleaning, and repairs. Look for a tank with a good inspection hatch that allows you to access the interior of the tank for cleaning and repairs. If you opt for a longer or larger tank, consider having two hatches for easier access.
Quality
Ensure your water tank is made from high-quality, food-grade materials such as HDPE/MDPE polyethylene. Avoid poor-quality tanks with thin walls, as they can deteriorate over time, affecting the taste and smell of your water. Black tanks are ideal for underslung water tanks as they are protected from UV light and prevent algae growth.
Budget
Finally, consider your budget when selecting a water tank. Standard water tanks are typically more affordable than bespoke tanks designed to your specifications. However, bespoke tanks offer more flexibility in terms of size and shape, allowing you to maximise your available space.
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Installing a water heater
Step 1: Choose the Right Water Heater
Consider factors such as fuel type (propane or electricity), size, hot water needs, available space, installation requirements, maintenance, and cost. For example, if you plan to camp off-grid, a propane heater might be a better option.
Step 2: Gather Necessary Tools and Materials
Make sure you have all the required tools and materials before starting the installation. You will need items like a water heater mounting kit, water heater bypass kit, water heater insulation blanket, propane gas line (for a gas water heater), or electrical wire (for an electric water heater).
Step 3: Prepare Your RV
Drain the water system to prevent leaks and damage. Turn off the water supply, open all faucets and drains, and use the water pump to remove any remaining water. Once done, close the faucets and drains.
Step 4: Remove the Old Water Heater (if applicable)
Turn off the gas or electricity supply to the old water heater. Use a wrench to loosen the fittings and remove the water lines. Catch any leaking water with a bucket or towel. Remove screws or bolts securing the water heater and carefully lift it out. Inspect the installation area for any damage or corrosion, and make necessary repairs.
Step 5: Install the New Water Heater
Choose a suitable location for the water heater, ensuring it is easily accessible and away from flammable materials. Use mounting brackets to attach the water heater securely to the RV's interior wall, ensuring it is level and straight.
Step 6: Connect the Water Lines
Apply plumber's tape to the threaded ends of the water lines to create a tight seal and prevent leaks. Attach one end of the water line to the cold water inlet and the other end to the hot water outlet of the water heater, ensuring tight connections. Turn on the water supply and check for leaks.
Step 7: Connect the Gas or Electric Supply
Follow the manufacturer's instructions to connect the gas or electric supply to the water heater. For a gas water heater, connect the gas line; for an electric water heater, connect the electrical wiring. Ensure all connections are secure and tight, and test the gas or electric supply to ensure proper functioning.
Step 8: Test the Water Heater
Turn on the water heater according to the manufacturer's instructions and wait for it to heat up. Check the hot water faucet to see if hot water is coming out. If there are any issues, refer to the water heater's troubleshooting guide.
Additionally, here are some safety tips to keep in mind when installing and using a propane water heater:
- Ensure proper ventilation by placing the water heater near the back or side doors.
- Never attach the water heater to the outside of your vehicle.
- Regularly check for water and gas leaks.
- Install a carbon monoxide detector nearby.
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Adding a water pump
Selecting a Water Pump
When choosing a water pump for your camper, there are a few factors to consider:
- Water Pressure: Select a pump that can provide adequate water pressure for your needs. Most RV water pumps have a pressure range of 40-50 psi.
- Flow Rate: Consider the flow rate of the pump, which is typically measured in gallons per minute (GPM). A higher flow rate will fill your sink or shower faster.
- Power Source: Water pumps can be powered by electricity or propane. If you opt for an electric pump, ensure your camper has the necessary electrical system to support it.
- Compatibility: Make sure the water pump you choose is compatible with your camper's plumbing system, including the size and type of pipes used.
Installing a Water Pump
Installing a water pump in your camper typically involves the following steps:
- Locate the Water Pump: Refer to your camper's manual to locate the water pump. It is usually located near the fresh water tank.
- Disconnect the Water Pump: Before installing the new pump, disconnect the old pump from the water supply and the camper's plumbing system.
- Prepare the New Pump: Read the instructions that come with your new water pump and assemble any necessary components, such as fittings or adapters.
- Connect the Water Supply: Use a funnel to slowly pour water into the pump while your partner turns on a faucet inside the camper. This will prime the pump and ensure water flows through the system.
- Reconnect the Water Intake Line: Once water is flowing from the faucet, turn off the pump and close the faucet. Reconnect the water intake line to the fresh water tank or the local supply line.
- Test the Pump: Turn on the water supply to ensure water pressure feeds into the pump. Open multiple faucets to blow out any air collected during the priming process and ensure smooth water flow.
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
To ensure your water pump functions properly and prolong its lifespan, regular maintenance is key. Here are some tips:
- Keep the Pump Primed: After performing maintenance or if your camper has been stationary for an extended period, you may need to prime the pump again. This involves adding water to the pump while it is running to build up pressure.
- Prevent Mineral Build-Up: Mineral buildup can reduce water pressure in your system. Regularly clean your water pump and plumbing system to prevent this issue.
- Winterize Your Pump: If you plan to use your camper in cold temperatures, be sure to winterize your water pump and plumbing system to prevent freezing and potential damage.
If you encounter any issues with your water pump, here are some common problems and solutions:
- No Water Flow: Check for blockages or leaks in the water supply line, from the fresh water tank to the faucet. Unplug fixtures to identify where the water flow stops.
- Pump Not Working After Winterization: Verify connections and electricity supply to the pump. Ensure the drain was open during winterization and all connections were properly made afterward.
- Pump Cycling On and Off: This could be due to a leak in the supply line or improper winterization, which can damage the pump's internal components.
- Leaking: Leaks are a common issue and can occur anywhere in the supply line. Carefully inspect all pipes and fittings for signs of leakage.
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Planning the pipe layout
Understand Your Water Requirements:
Before designing the pipe layout, it's important to understand your water usage patterns and requirements. Consider how much water you typically use for cooking, drinking, washing, and showering. This will help you determine the size and number of water tanks needed.
Decide on Tank Placement:
The location of your fresh and grey water tanks will impact the pipe layout. Consider the available space in your camper and decide whether you want the tanks to be underslung or placed inside the vehicle. Keep in mind that underslung tanks may require modifications, such as moving the spare wheel, while interior tanks provide easier access and protection from freezing temperatures.
Choose a Water Heater:
If you plan to have hot water in your camper, select a suitable water heater. Consider options like the Truma Ultrastore 10L Water Heater, which can run on gas or electricity. Place the water heater in a convenient location, ensuring proper ventilation, and plan the pipe layout to accommodate the heater's inlet and outlet pipes.
Select a Water Pump:
Choose a reliable water pump, such as the Shurflo Trail King 30PSI 7L/min, to maintain water pressure in your system. Decide on the pump's location, ensuring easy access for maintenance. Plan the pipe layout to bring water from the tanks to the pump and then distribute it to the various outlets, such as the sink and shower.
Pipe Sizing and Materials:
Determine the appropriate pipe sizes for your system, typically using PEX or PVC tubing. Consider the flow rate requirements and the length of pipes needed to reach all fixtures. Plan the routing of the pipes, taking into account any tight spaces or bends that may require flexible pipes or additional fittings.
Wastewater Management:
Design the wastewater pipe layout to efficiently collect and store greywater and blackwater. Decide on the location of the grey water tank, ensuring it is easily accessible for emptying. Plan the pipe layout to direct wastewater from the sink, shower, and toilet to the respective tanks, incorporating P-traps to prevent odours.
Ventilation and Odour Control:
Ensure that your pipe layout includes proper ventilation to prevent odours and reduce pressure in the system. Design the pipes to connect to roof vents or other ventilation systems, especially for the grey water tank.
Fittings and Connections:
Choose appropriate fittings and connections for joining the pipes, such as crimp fittings, SharkBite fittings, or push-to-connect fittings. Consider the ease of installation and the potential for leaks when selecting the type of fittings. Include isolation valves at strategic points in the pipe layout to allow for easy maintenance and repairs.
Create a Detailed Diagram:
Draw a detailed diagram of your planned pipe layout, showing the routing of pipes, locations of fittings, and connections to water tanks, pumps, and fixtures. This diagram will serve as a reference during the installation process and help you visualize any potential challenges or adjustments needed.
Consider Future Maintenance:
When planning the pipe layout, consider how easy it will be to access and maintain the plumbing system in the future. Allow for sufficient space around pipes and fittings to facilitate repairs or replacements. Ensure that pipes are properly secured and protected from sharp edges or potential damage during travel.
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Frequently asked questions
When connected to a city water outlet, an RV plumbing system works similarly to standard home plumbing. However, the water enters and exits the RV differently. When not hooked up to a city water outlet, RVs use an onboard water supply, with a freshwater tank that stores a finite amount of water. A 12V pump is used to get the water from the tank to the faucets, showers, and toilets.
The important parts of an RV plumbing system include the freshwater tank, wastewater storage tanks (grey and black), water heater, water pump, and pipes and fittings.
Yes, RV plumbing fixtures can be replaced and are similar to household plumbing fixtures.
Common RV plumbing issues include leaking water lines, leaking drain pipes, and clogged waste water tanks. Leaking water lines can be temporarily repaired with plumber's tape, and drain pipe leaks can often be fixed by tightening loose fittings. Clogged waste water tanks can be cleared using a backspray tool or a flexible pipe snake.