Building A Self-Contained Camper: A Comprehensive Guide

how to build a self contained camper

Building a self-contained camper can be a fun and rewarding project, but it requires careful planning and attention to detail. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you get started on your self-contained camper journey:

1. Understand the Definition of Self-Contained:

According to the New Zealand Standard for Self-Containment of Motor Caravans and Caravans, NZS 5465:2001, a self-contained camper must have the capacity to store fresh water, manage wastewater, and have a toilet tank for human waste. This includes specific requirements for water and waste storage capacities, as well as proper waste disposal methods.

2. Decide on the Type of Camper:

You can choose between a larger motorhome or a smaller van. Larger motorhomes typically have more built-in features, while smaller vans offer more flexibility and can often be converted from existing vehicles. Consider your budget, the amount of space you need, and the level of comfort you desire.

3. Plan the Interior Layout:

Think about how you want to utilise the space in your camper. Consider the placement of essential features such as the bed, kitchenette, storage cabinets, and any additional amenities you may want. Take measurements and create a design plan that maximises functionality and comfort.

4. Gather the Necessary Materials and Tools:

Depending on your design, you'll need materials such as plywood, insulation, plumbing fixtures, water tanks, a toilet, a sink, curtains, and electrical components. Basic tools like a drill, saw, and measuring tape will also be essential.

5. Build the Foundation and Interior:

Start by creating a solid foundation for your bed and storage compartments. You can use wooden beams and slats to create a sturdy frame. Then, build the interior according to your design, ensuring that all fixtures and fittings are secure and properly installed.

6. Add Essential Amenities:

Install plumbing for your sink and toilet, ensuring proper waste disposal methods. Set up your kitchenette, including any appliances like a stove or fridge. Add electrical outlets and lighting to power your devices and illuminate your space. Don't forget to include a rubbish bin with a lid!

7. Make it Homely:

Add curtains for privacy and decorate your space to make it feel like home. Paint the interior, hang organisers and racks, and add personal touches like photos or flags. Remember to keep it simple and avoid cluttering your space with too many items.

8. Test and Certify:

Once your camper is built, test all the systems and ensure they are functioning properly. In some countries, you may need to obtain a self-containment certificate to legally use your camper for extended travel. This usually involves an inspection by a designated authority or testing officer, who will verify that your camper meets the necessary requirements.

Building a self-contained camper requires time, effort, and attention to detail. By following these steps and staying patient throughout the process, you'll be well on your way to creating a mobile home that provides freedom, comfort, and the ability to explore the world around you.

Characteristics Values
Freshwater tanks 12 L per person for three days
Grey/black wastewater tank 12 L per person for three days
Evacuation hose 3 m for fitted tanks
Rubbish bin With a lid
Toilet Permanently fixed to the vehicle
Electricity supply Portable power stations

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Freshwater Tanks

Tank Capacity and Configuration:

  • The minimum capacity for freshwater tanks is 12 litres per person for three days. This calculation is based on 4 litres per person per day.
  • It's important to size your tank according to the maximum potential berths in your camper, even if fewer people will be using it. For example, a 2-berth camper would require a minimum of 24 litres of freshwater storage.
  • Freshwater tanks can be fixed integral tanks or appropriate portable containers. If using portable containers, ensure they are securely fastened during travel, such as in a cupboard or under the sink, and easily accessible for refills.
  • Consider matching the freshwater tank capacity with the grey wastewater tank capacity to maintain a balance.

Filling and Refilling:

  • Freshwater tanks should be easily accessible for refilling without spillage.
  • When refilling your freshwater tanks, be cautious about the source of water. Only use water labelled as potable, and ensure the supply line is away from any waste disposal areas to prevent contamination.

Plumbing and Connections:

  • Freshwater tanks should have an opaque supply pipe leading to the sink, providing water for cooking, cleaning, and other purposes.
  • The freshwater tank can be stored above the sink, with the tap positioned accordingly.
  • Consider the plumbing configuration for your specific camper design. For example, you may need to account for the space required for pipes, pumps, and other components.
  • If your camper has a shower, ensure the plumbing is adequately sized to provide sufficient water flow for a pleasant showering experience.
  • Consult a professional plumber or refer to detailed guides for advice on plumbing connections and installation.

Additional Considerations:

  • You may not need to install a gauge to measure the water level if the tank is transparent or has a built-in mechanism to check the level.
  • Always follow local regulations and guidelines for self-contained campers. For example, in New Zealand, certain standards and certifications, such as NZS 5465:2001, must be met to be deemed self-contained.

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Grey/Black Wastewater Tanks

The grey wastewater tank should have a minimum capacity of 4 litres per person per day for a minimum of 3 days, amounting to 12 litres per person. This tank can be either fixed or portable. If portable, it must be securely fastened during travel to prevent leaks and spills. It should also be easily accessible for emptying and refilling. Hoses used for emptying the tank must be kept separate and sealed when not in use.

The black wastewater tank, which holds human waste, should have a minimum capacity of 3 litres per person per day for 3 days, amounting to 6 litres for a 2-berth campervan. This tank is usually fixed and accessed via a small door on the exterior of the van. It is important to note that the wastewater tanks' capacity should match the vehicle's maximum potential berths, even if fewer people are using the van.

To ensure your self-contained campervan meets the necessary standards and regulations, it is advisable to consult official guidelines and, if needed, seek the assistance of professionals such as plumbers or companies specialising in campervan conversions.

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Sinks

Planning and Requirements:

  • Sink Type and Size: Choose a sink that fits your camper's available space and meets your needs. It can be metal or plastic and as large or small as you want. Consider a sink with a lip for easier installation.
  • Sink Placement: Decide where you want the sink to be located in your camper. Ensure there is enough space for plumbing and accessibility.
  • Water Supply: Determine how you will supply water to the sink. This could be through a fixed water tank, portable water containers, or a combination of both. Ensure you meet the minimum water storage capacity requirements, which is typically 4 litres per person per day for a minimum of 3 days.
  • Grey Water Tank: Install a grey water tank to collect and store the dirty water from the sink. This can be a fixed tank or portable containers. The minimum capacity is 4 litres per person per day for 3 days. Ensure the grey water tank is properly sealed and secured when the camper is in motion.
  • Plumbing and Connections: Plan how you will connect the sink to the water supply and the grey water tank. You will need pipes, hoses, and fittings. Consider using a water pump to facilitate water flow.

Installation Process:

  • Measurements and Markings: Take accurate measurements of the sink and the installation area. Mark the spots where you will need to cut holes for the sink and plumbing connections.
  • Cutting and Installation: Cut the holes for the sink and plumbing according to your markings. Ensure a snug fit for the sink to prevent leaks. Secure the sink in place using appropriate fasteners or adhesives.
  • Water Connections: Connect the water supply to the sink using appropriate hoses and fittings. Consider installing a tap or faucet near the sink for easy access to water.
  • Grey Water Connections: Connect the sink to the grey water tank using a hose or pipe. Ensure the hose is watertight and leak-proof. Install a vent pipe for the grey water tank that rises above the bottom of the sink and terminates outside the camper.
  • Evacuation Hose: If you have a fixed grey water tank, install an evacuation hose that attaches to a discharge valve outside the camper. The hose should be at least 3 metres long. If you have a portable grey water tank, you may still need a hose to satisfy self-containment requirements and prevent spills during emptying.
  • Testing and Inspection: Once the sink and plumbing are installed, test for any leaks. Ensure that the sink functions properly and that the grey water is being collected in the tank as intended. Have your installation inspected by a certified professional or authority to ensure it meets the self-containment requirements.

Maintenance and Care:

  • Regular Cleaning: Keep your sink and surrounding areas clean to prevent the build-up of dirt and grime. Use mild cleaning agents and soft cloths or sponges to avoid scratching or damaging the sink.
  • Proper Waste Disposal: Dispose of grey water at designated dump stations or facilities. Follow the guidelines for emptying grey water tanks and always dispose of waste responsibly and in an environmentally friendly manner.
  • Winterization: If you plan to use your camper in cold climates, consider winterizing your plumbing to prevent freezing and potential damage. This may include adding antifreeze to your water tanks and pipes or using heated tanks and pipes.

By following these steps and considerations, you can successfully install and maintain a sink in your self-contained camper, ensuring a more comfortable and convenient camping experience.

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Evacuation Hoses

An evacuation hose is a key component of a self-contained campervan. The hose is used to vent the grey water tank, preventing the build-up of unpleasant smells. The hose should be a minimum of 10mm in diameter and must be watertight and leak-proof. It is important to note that the hose needs to be long enough to reach outside of the van. This is a crucial requirement for achieving self-containment certification.

The evacuation hose should be attached to the grey water tank and routed past the height of the sink. It then needs to be directed back down through a hole to the outside of the van. This setup ensures that the hose functions effectively as a vent for the waste water.

When choosing an evacuation hose, it is essential to select one that is durable and flexible. It should also have fittings that are compatible with your tank and sink setup. The hose should be secured safely when the campervan is in motion to prevent any leaks or damage.

Some self-contained campervan conversion tips suggest using a water trap, such as a looped hose water trap, to prevent waste water from flowing back into the sink. This additional component can enhance the overall functionality of your waste water management system.

It is worth noting that the evacuation hose requirement may be waived if you use portable water tanks that can be emptied directly. However, it is still crucial to securely store the connecting hoses in a separate container or sealable plastic bag when they are not in use.

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Toilets

To be certified as self-contained, a campervan must have a permanently fixed toilet, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The toilet must be readily accessible and have enough head, leg, and elbow room to be used inside the campervan when the bed is made up.

The toilet waste storage, or "cassette," must have a minimum capacity of 3 litres per person per day for three days. This is to ensure that you have enough capacity in case you find yourself further away from a disposal facility than planned.

You can either have a fixed toilet with flush capabilities or a smaller "porta-loo" type setup, depending on the size of your campervan. If you have a fixed toilet, the waste storage will usually be accessed via a small door on the van's exterior. For porta-loos, the waste cassette is part of the unit.

You can purchase cassette toilets from specialised motorhome/RV stores.

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Frequently asked questions

A self-contained campervan offers more freedom and saves money. In New Zealand, for example, there are many places that allow you to camp overnight for free, but only if you have a self-contained vehicle. Official campsites can be expensive, so having a self-contained campervan can save you a lot of money in the long run.

Additionally, being self-contained shows respect for the environment. You will be able to dispose of your waste in designated places, reducing the risk of contaminating waterways and habitats and disturbing delicate ecosystems.

The requirements for a self-contained campervan vary slightly depending on the country and region. However, in general, a self-contained campervan must have the following:

- Freshwater tanks: 12 litres per person for three days.

- Grey/black wastewater tank: 12 litres per person for three days.

- A sink connected to the wastewater tank.

- An evacuation hose (3 metres for fixed tanks) or a portable wastewater tank.

- A permanently fixed toilet.

- A rubbish bin with a lid.

- Cooking facilities and somewhere to sleep.

First, ensure your campervan meets all the requirements for a self-contained vehicle. You can either make the necessary alterations yourself or hire a professional such as a plumber or gas fitter to do it for you. Once your campervan is ready, contact a designated authority or testing officer to arrange an inspection. After passing the inspection, you will need to pay a fee to receive your self-containment certificate, which is typically valid for four years.

You will need to find a dump station, which can usually be found at larger campsites or by using an app. Some dump stations allow you to park your vehicle over the draining point, while others require a long evacuation hose. Make sure to dispose of your waste responsibly to avoid contaminating the environment.

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