Camper Power: Ac/Dc Style

Whether you're a camping enthusiast or just starting out, understanding how to power your camper is essential. RVs (Recreational Vehicles) typically draw power from three electrical systems: the 12-volt DC system for the house functions, a 120-volt AC system for shore power, and an automotive DC system for the vehicle's powertrain in motorhomes.

DC, or Direct Current, is used for battery-powered devices like lights, fans, and USB appliances. AC, or Alternating Current, on the other hand, is what we use in our homes and comes from the electrical grid or campground hook-ups, powering appliances like refrigerators and TVs.

So, how do you ensure you have both AC and DC power in your camper? Well, it depends on your setup and preferences. If you're connected to shore power, you can use an AC outlet to charge your RV's 12V house battery using an AC to DC charger. If you're off-grid, solar panels are a great way to generate electricity and charge your batteries. Additionally, your vehicle's alternator can also charge the house battery while driving, although this may be less efficient if you're running other electrical systems in your car.

For those seeking independence from shore power or generators, there are cooling options for camper vans, including passive methods, forced ventilation, and even full air conditioning. However, air conditioning a camper van without shore power or a generator is more challenging and typically requires a combination of efficient insulation, reflective shades, and power sources like batteries and solar panels.

So, whether you're plugged into shore power or exploring off-grid, understanding the basics of AC and DC power, as well as the options available, will help ensure your camper is ready for any adventure.

AC and DC power sources explained

AC and DC refer to two different types of electrical current. AC stands for alternating current, while DC stands for direct current. Both are used to power different components in a camper or RV and offer distinct advantages depending on the situation.

AC Power

AC, or alternating current, is the type of electrical current that comes from the electrical grid and is used to power typical household appliances. In the context of a camper, AC power is usually obtained through shore power, which is when your camper is plugged into an external power source, such as at a campground. This type of power is suitable for running appliances that require higher voltage, such as air conditioners, microwaves, and hair appliances.

DC Power

DC, or direct current, is the type of electrical current produced by batteries and solar panels. In a camper, DC power is used to run smaller appliances, such as lights, fans, USB devices, and sometimes even refrigerators. This type of power is particularly useful when you are off-grid or boondocking, as it allows you to operate essential systems without relying on external power sources.

Combining AC and DC Power in a Camper

Combining AC and DC power in a camper offers the best of both worlds. When you are plugged into shore power, you can take advantage of the AC power to run high-voltage appliances. At the same time, you can utilise DC power from your camper's batteries or solar panels to run other systems, such as lighting and fans. This setup provides flexibility and ensures that you can still operate certain functions even when you are not connected to an external power source.

Considerations for AC and DC Power

When designing your camper's electrical system, it is essential to consider your power needs and how you plan to use your camper. If you intend to camp off-grid frequently, investing in a robust DC power setup, including solar panels and batteries, becomes crucial. Additionally, understanding power management and basic electrical troubleshooting will help you get the most out of your system and avoid overloading circuits.

How to wire a camper to use both AC and DC

To wire a camper to use both AC and DC, you will need to understand the basics of RV electrical systems. RVs draw from three separate electrical systems: the standardised 12-volt DC system for anything in the "house" of the RV, a 120-volt AC system (shore power), and an automotive DC system for the vehicle powertrain in motorhomes.

DC stands for Direct Current, where the electrical current flows in only one direction. This type of current is used for things that run off battery power, like slideouts, interior lights, fans, and power awnings. AC stands for Alternating Current, where the electrical current alternates or changes direction in a pulsating motion.

To wire your camper to use both AC and DC, you will need to install and connect the necessary components, including batteries, converters, inverters, breakers, fuses, and wiring. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you get started:

• Determine your power needs: Calculate the total power requirements for your RV, considering both AC and DC loads. Identify the appliances and devices you will be using and their corresponding wattage and amperage. This will help you determine the appropriate wiring sizes, breaker ratings, and battery capacity.
• Choose the right components: Select high-quality batteries, converters, inverters, breakers, and fuses suitable for your power needs. Ensure that the components are compatible and properly rated for your system.
• Install the batteries: Install deep-cycle batteries to provide DC power for your RV. Connect the batteries in parallel or series, depending on your voltage requirements. Ensure proper ventilation and secure the batteries in place.
• Wire the DC system: Connect the positive and negative wires from the batteries to the DC side of the power distribution panel. Use appropriate wire gauges and colours (typically red for positive and black for negative). Install fuses or circuit breakers to protect the wiring and devices.
• Wire the AC system: Connect the AC power source, such as shore power or a generator, to the AC side of the power distribution panel. Use AC wiring with a hot, neutral, and ground wire. Install breakers or fuses to protect the AC circuit.
• Connect appliances and devices: Identify the appliances and devices that will run on AC or DC power. Wire them accordingly, ensuring proper polarity and grounding. Use stranded wire for all connections in the camper to withstand vibrations during travel.
• Test and troubleshoot: Once the wiring is complete, test each circuit to ensure proper functionality. Refer to the troubleshooting guides provided by the component manufacturers. Check for correct polarity, secure connections, and proper grounding.
• Maintain and monitor: Regularly inspect your RV's electrical system for any signs of wear or damage. Monitor battery levels and perform routine maintenance, such as checking fluid levels and cleaning terminals.

Remember to follow safety precautions when working with electrical systems. Always disconnect power before making any connections or adjustments. Consult a professional electrician or RV technician if you are unsure about any aspect of the wiring process.

Using solar panels to recharge batteries

Solar panels are an excellent way to recharge your camper's batteries and a great alternative to generators and RV hookups. They are quiet, require little maintenance, and are cost-effective in the long run. Here is a step-by-step guide to using solar panels to recharge your camper's batteries:

Install the Solar Panels:

There are two main ways to install solar panels on your camper. You can opt for a portable kit, setting up the panels on the ground each time you park, or you can mount them directly onto the roof of your camper for round-the-clock energy generation. If you choose the latter, here are some tips for installation:

• Use mounting Z brackets, aluminium tiltable mounting brackets, or adhesives to secure the panels to the roof.
• Ensure there is some space between the panels and the roof to allow for airflow and prevent overheating.
• Position the panels to face south in the USA to maximise energy generation.
• Adjust the angle of the panels to match your latitude or between 30-45 degrees.

Connect a Charge Controller:

A charge controller is essential whenever you have a battery in your solar panel system. It protects the battery from high voltage, overcharging, and deep discharge. There are two types of charge controllers:

• PWM regulators: These are cheaper but only suitable when the panel voltage is slightly higher than the battery voltage.
• MPPT controllers: These are more advanced and efficient, converting extra voltage to electricity, minimising energy loss.

To connect the charge controller, follow the instructions for your specific model. Use stranded copper core wire, ensuring you don't mix up the positive and negative terminals. Connect the negative terminals of the battery and controller with a black wire, and the positive terminals with a red wire. Tighten the wires and check the connections.

Start the Charge Controller:

Once the controller is connected, turn it on and ensure it's functioning properly. Refer to the manual for specific details about your model. The charge controller will allow you to monitor your solar panel system, displaying information such as the battery charge, voltage of the panels, and, in more advanced models, the temperature.

Connect the Charge Controller to the Solar Panels:

To establish this connection, you'll need cables with standard MC4 connectors. The junction box of the solar panel will have a positive cable with a "male" MC4 connector and a negative cable with a "female" connector. Add another pair of connectors with wires to connect to the charge controller. Plug the wires into the controller and tighten the screws.

At this point, the charge controller should recognise the solar panels and be able to measure their voltage. Remember, solar panels generate electricity whenever exposed to sunlight, and you can't manually turn them on or off.

Troubleshooting electrical problems

• Understand the Electrical Systems: Before attempting any troubleshooting, it's crucial to have a basic understanding of the electrical systems in your camper. Most campers have three electrical systems: the 12-volt DC system, the 120-volt AC system, and the automotive DC system (for motorhomes). The 12-volt DC system powers the "house" components, such as lights, fans, and water pumps, while the 120-volt AC system provides power for appliances like air conditioners and microwaves.
• Identify the Problem: Isolate the issue by determining which electrical circuit is involved. This can be done by referring to a schematic diagram or consulting a professional. Once you know which circuit is affected, you can proceed to the next steps.
• Check the Ground Connection: If the problem is with a DC circuit, start by examining the ground connection. A loose ground wire, paint thickness, or corrosion can cause issues. If you're unsure where to find the ground connection, consider seeking assistance from a qualified technician.
• Inspect the Outlets: If the problem is with an AC circuit, check the outlets for Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protection. GFCI outlets are identifiable by their TEST and RESET buttons. These outlets are designed to prevent electrocution, fire, and moisture accumulation. If the GFCI has been tripped, you can try resetting it.
• Address Circuit Overload: Circuit overload can occur when too many high-power appliances are plugged into the same circuit. To resolve this, reduce the power draw on that circuit by removing or relocating some appliances. You can also calculate the total power draw and compare it to the circuit's maximum capacity to ensure you're not exceeding the limit.
• Check for Current Leakage: If the issue persists, inspect the plugged-in appliances, outlets, and wiring for any signs of current leakage. Damaged cords or plugs could be the culprit. If the appliances and outlets appear fine, consult a professional before proceeding with wiring inspections to ensure your safety.
• Maintain Battery Health: Batteries are crucial for powering DC systems. Check the water level in your batteries and ensure they are adequately charged. Distilled water should be used to top up the batteries if needed. If the batteries are old or damaged, consider replacing them.
• Inspect Fuses and Breakers: Fuses and breakers are designed to protect the electrical system and its components. If a fuse blows or a breaker trips, it's often a symptom of another issue. Replace blown fuses with ones of the same rating and never upgrade to higher-rated ones to avoid fire hazards and equipment damage.
• Reset Ground Fault Indicators: Ground Fault Indicators (GFIs) or Ground Fault Circuit Breakers (GFCBs) are safety devices that shut off power to appliances if there is a current leakage or overload. If multiple AC appliances stop working simultaneously, the issue could be with a GFI. Reset the GFI and then disconnect and reconnect appliances one by one to identify any faulty items.
• Consult Professionals: For major electrical problems, such as issues with the refrigerator or complex wiring faults, it's best to contact qualified service technicians. They have the expertise and equipment to diagnose and resolve these issues safely and effectively.

Remember, safety should always be the top priority when working with electrical systems. If you're unsure about any aspect of the troubleshooting process, don't hesitate to seek professional assistance to avoid potential hazards.

How to cool a camper van

Keeping a camper van cool during the summer is essential to get the most out of your camping experience. Here are some tips to help you beat the heat:

Plan Your Route and Parking Spots

The first step to keeping your camper van cool is to plan your route and parking spots strategically. If you're travelling in the summer, consider heading to higher altitudes or towards the coast, where the temperatures are generally cooler. When parking, look for spots in the shade, preferably near a lake, river, or the sea, as these areas often have cooler breezes. If you can't find natural shade, create your own by using an awning attached to your van or roof rack.

Improve Airflow and Ventilation

Maximizing airflow and ventilation is crucial to keeping your van cool. Install roof fans or vent fans to improve airflow and suck out the hot air. Opening windows, especially T-vent or pill windows, will also increase circulation and create a cooling effect. If you're cooking or using electronics that emit heat, do so outside the van whenever possible to avoid heating up the interior.

Use Window Covers or Curtains

Window covers or blackout curtains are essential to keep the sun's hot rays out of your van. Insulated curtains with built-in magnet attachment points will not only keep the heat out but also provide privacy and make it easier to sleep during the day. Don't forget to cover your windshield as well, as it lets in a lot of sunlight.

Stay Cool While Sleeping

Sleeping in a hot van can be uncomfortable. To stay cool at night, keep your fans running and, if it's safe to do so, leave your doors and windows open. You can also invest in a gel-infused memory foam mattress topper, which helps regulate temperature and dissipate heat.

Keep Bugs Out

While not directly related to cooling, keeping bugs out of your van is an important consideration during the summer. Install a bug net, use natural bug repellent oils like lavender or peppermint, or invest in a Thermacell Deet-free area barrier to keep mosquitoes and other insects at bay.

Other Tips

• Cook outside whenever possible to avoid heating up the van.
• Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
• If all else fails, seek indoor air-conditioned spaces or consider pitching a tent to sleep under the stars.

Frequently asked questions